Moab, Utah, gets just eight inches of rain per year, yet rainwater flooded John Weisheit’s basement last summer. Extremes are common in a desert: Rain and snow are rare, and a deluge can cause flooding.
Weisheit, 68, co-director of Living Rivers and a former Colorado River guide, has long warned the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation that its two biggest dams on the Colorado River could become useless because of prolonged drought.
Although recently, at a BuRec conference, he also warned that “atmospheric rivers” could overtop both dams, demolishing them and causing widespread flooding.
Weisheit points to BuRec research by Robert Swain in 2004, showing an 1884 spring runoff that delivered two years’ worth of Colorado River flows in just four months.
California well knows the damage that long, narrow corridors of water vapor — atmospheric rivers — can do. Starting in December, one atmospheric storm followed another over the state, dumping water and snow on already saturated ground.
The multiple storms moved fast, sometimes over 60 miles per hour, and they quickly dropped their load. Atmospheric rivers can carry water vapor equal to 27 Mississippi Rivers.
These storms happen every year, but what makes them feel new is their ferocity, which some scientists blame on climate change warming the oceans and heating the air to make more powerful storms.
In California, overwhelmed storm drains sent polluted water to the sea. Roads became waterways, sinkholes opened up to capture cars and their drivers, and houses flooded. At least 22 people died.
Where do these fast-moving storms come from? Mostly north and south of Hawaii, then they barrel directly towards California and into the central West, says F. Martin Ralph, who directs the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego.
“Forty percent of the snowpack in the upper Colorado in the winter is from atmospheric river storms penetrating that far inland,” he adds.
The real risk is when storms stack up as they did in California. That happened in spades during the winter of 1861-1862, in the middle of a decade-long drought, when the West endured 44 days of rain and wet snow. California Governor-elect Leland Stanford rowed to a soggy oath-of-office ceremony in flooded Sacramento, just before fleeing with state leaders to San Francisco.
Water covered California’s inland valley for three months, and paddle wheel steamers navigated over submerged farmlands and inland towns. The state went bankrupt, and its economy collapsed as mining and farming operations were bogged down, one quarter of livestock drowned or starved, and 4000 people died.
In Utah that winter, John Doyle Lee chronicled the washing away of the town of Santa Clara along the tiny Santa Clara River near St. George. Buildings and farms floated away leaving only a single wall of a rock fort that townspeople had built on high ground.
Weisheit knows this history well because he’s been part of a team of “paleoflood” investigators, a group of scientists and river experts. To document just how high floodwaters rose in the past, researchers climb valley walls. The Journal of Hydrology says they seek “fine grained sediments, mainly sand.”
It’s a peculiar science, searching for sand bars and driftwood perched 60 feet above the river.
The Green River contributes roughly half the water that’s in the Lower Colorado River, and in 2005, Weisheit and other investigators found six flood sites along the Green River near Moab, Utah. Weisheit says several sites showed the river running at 275,000 cubic feet per second (cfs).
If the Green River merged with the Colorado River, also at flood, the Colorado River would carry almost five times more water than the 120,000 cfs that barreled into Glen Canyon Dam, some 160 miles below Moab, in 1984. That epic runoff nearly wiped out Glen Canyon Dam.
Now that we’ve remembered the damage that atmospheric river storms can do, Weisheit believes that Bureau of Reclamation must tear down Glen Canyon — now.
He likes to quote Western historian Patty Limerick, who told the Bureau of Reclamation, at a University of Utah conference in 2007, what she really thought: “The Bureau can only handle little droughts and little floods. When the big ones arrive, the system will fail.”
Dave Marston is the publisher of Writers on the Range, writersontherange.org, an independent nonprofit dedicated to spurring lively conversation about the West.
Glen Canyon Dam under construction 1960-63, courtesy USBR
This column was published in the following newspapers:
01/23/2023 | Vail Daily | Vail | CO |
01/23/2023 | Craig Daily Press | Craig | co |
01/23/2023 | Steamboat Pilot | Steamboat Springs | CO |
01/23/2023 | Sierra Nevada Ally | Carson City | NV |
01/24/2023 | Bozeman daily chronicle | Bozeman | MT |
01/24/2023 | Yahoo | sunnyvale | ca |
01/24/2023 | Carlsbad Current-Argus | Carsbad | NM |
01/24/2023 | Moscow-Pullmand Daily News | Moscow-Pullman | ID |
01/24/2023 | Grand Junction Daily Sentinel | Grand Junction | CO |
01/24/2023 | Montrose Daily Press | Montrose | CO |
01/24/2023 | Coyote Gulch | Denver | CO |
01/24/2023 | Lake Powell Chronicle | Page | AZ |
01/24/2023 | Park Record | Park City | UT |
01/24/2023 | Salt Lake Tribune | Salt Lake City | UT |
01/25/2023 | Jackson Hole News & Guide | Jackson Hole | WY |
01/25/2023 | Denver Post | Denver | CO |
01/25/2023 | Kingman Daily Miner | Kingman | AZ |
01/25/2023 | Explore Big Sky | Big Sky | MT |
01/25/2023 | Logan Herald Journal | Logan | UT |
01/25/2023 | Newport Miner | Newport | WA |
01/26/2023 | Wyoming Tribune Eagle | Cheyenne | WY |
01/26/2023 | Boulder Weekly | Boulder | CO |
01/24/2023 | Taos News | Taos | NM |
01/26/2023 | Twin Falls Times News | Twin Falls | ID |
01/27/2023 | Greeley Tribune | Greeley | CO |
01/26/2023 | Four Points Press | Garryowen | MT |
01/28/2023 | Boulder Daily Camera | Boulder | CO |
01/29/2023 | Albuquerque Journal | Alburquerque | NM |
01/30/2023 | Las Vegas Sun | Las Vegas | NV |
01/30/2023 | Curry Coastal Pilot | Brookings | OR |
01/30/2023 | Bandon Western World | Bandon | OR |
01/25/2023 | Moab Times Independent | Moab | UT |
02/01/2023 | Del Norte Triplicate | Crescent City | CA |
02/02/2023 | Aspen Times | Aspen | CO |
01/26/2023 | Daily Interlake | Kalispell | MT |
[…] the link to read the article on the Writers on the Range website (David […]
As I recall, the big flood year when the dam almost overtopped was 1983, not 1984. I was on the last oar trip before they shut the river down for three days (a Hatch motor trip left after us the same day and passed us quickly – flow was about 70,000 cfs). They started releasing more that evening ending up about 95,000 cfs.
Yes, 1983 was a big year. Plywood around the top of the dam. In 1983, Powell started the water year nearly full and managers let water go late. However, 1984 was an even bigger water year and a bigger spring runoff — which could have been disastrous.