The pair that found each other to form Washington’s first wolf pack came from far-flung places: the Canadian Rockies and the British Columbia coast. The spontaneous recolonization has become a notable success story.
Washington now has more than 230 wolves in at least 43 packs, living mostly in the northeastern part of the state. This area makes sense, as it is adjacent to wolf-populated wildlands in both Idaho and Canada. Wolves are amazing and ecologically vital, but also a challenge for the people they live among.
One rancher I know said, “When wolves first showed up, it felt like they were managing my cattle.”
The rancher finally regained control of his herd by using labor-intensive practices that deter wolves from preying on cattle. One of the most effective tools was a rider patrolling on horseback.
Range riders are specialized cowboys who keep the peace by providing a human shield. The riders bunch herds up at night when wolves are most active, and they make sure calves stay close to their moms.
While not infallible, range riding works well in keeping attacks on livestock relatively low while also reducing opposition to wolves. Human deterrence is costly, though. Contracting and managing range riders has cost up to $1 million each year. Washington has chosen to share the burden by funding ranchers willing to use these practices. Public and private dollars are funneled through two public agencies and the nonprofit I direct, Conservation Northwest.
“Washington has more range riders than any other state,” said Jay Shepherd, who directs Conservation Northwest’s wolf field program. As a result, Washington has the fewest depredations on livestock among states with established wolf packs, which means fewer wolves killed.
When wolf attacks do occur, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife may help a rancher use nonlethal tactics to deter wolves, ranging from fancy flagging to rubber bullets. If the incidents cross a certain threshold, the department may act to kill one or more wolves.
The response is guided by a protocol negotiated by an advisory group of stakeholders, ranging from wolf advocates to ranchers. The group determined that preventing problems was most effective; prevention was also appreciated by ranchers who didn’t like the compensation process after they’d lost cattle.
Sharing the cost of deterrence makes sense. Collaborating to fund peacekeeping tactics has also been a good way to bridge the persistent urban-rural divide.
Elsewhere, in states like Idaho and Wyoming, people kill more than a third of their wolf population each year. In Washington, that mortality rate is under 5 percent.
Oregon has almost as many wolves as Washington, but combativeness is more the norm than collaboration in that state, resulting in twice as many dead cows and wolves. Bitter political conflict about wolves is also more evident in Oregon than in Washington, where the state’s bipartisan focus has been on funding deterrence.
California, with about 50 wolves, is newer to the arena. Its initiation to wolf drama came last year, when the Beyem Seyo pack killed more than 80 cows despite an expensive, but late, attempt at nonlethal disruption. The state ended up killing five wolves and relocating two more. Media reports described the wolves as “euthanized.”
In Colorado, a 2020 ballot initiative directed the state to bring wolves in from Canada. Although 25 wolves have been released, the effort has now been stalled by political polarization, which cost the head of the wildlife agency his job.
On the whole, if you’re a wolf, the best state to start a family is Washington — for now. Facing a tight budget, Washington halved its wolf funding in 2025. That means fewer range riders, more livestock depredations and angrier ranchers, along with litigation over a wolf-removal order.
If Washington can’t resume proper funding, our sterling record could end. If we can’t find the grace to continue the collaborative approach that from experience we know works, everyone will lose.
Especially the wolves.
Mitch Friedman is a contributor to Writers on the Range, writersontherange.org, an independent nonprofit spurring lively conversation about the West. He heads Seattle-based Conservation Northwest, which he founded in 1989 after years organizing Earth First! protests.
